make log file destination configurable

1. Download to a local directory, archive/encrypt there
1. Push encrypted archive to remote folder

This helps when the backup destination is e.g. a NFS drive.

Also, introduce harder checks and fix some flaws.

Reviewed-on: #1
Co-authored-by: Max Mehl <mail@mehl.mx>
Co-committed-by: Max Mehl <mail@mehl.mx>

.drone.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Free Software Foundation Europe e.V.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+
+pipeline:
+  reuse:
+    image: fsfe/reuse:latest
+    commands:
+      - reuse lint

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Max Mehl <mail [at] mehl [dot] mx>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+
 config.cfg
 hosts.csv
+backup.log

LICENSE

@@ -1,621 +0,0 @@
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LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt

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LICENSES/GPL-3.0-or-later.txt

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+
+You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights
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+by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or
+any portion of it.
+
+   11. Patents.
+
+A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License
+of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed
+is called the contributor's "contributor version".
+
+A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims owned or controlled
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+
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+cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive
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+(3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License,
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+
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+
+A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within the scope
+of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise
+of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License.
+You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with
+a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which
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+you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior
+to 28 March 2007.
+
+Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied
+license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available
+to you under applicable patent law.
+
+   12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise)
+that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from
+the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as
+to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other
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+For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty
+for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only
+way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain
+entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+   13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to
+link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the
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+
+   14. Revised Versions of this License.
+
+The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the
+GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar
+in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
+problems or concerns.
+
+Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies
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+later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
+conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published
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+
+If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of
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+for the Program.
+
+Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However,
+no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as
+a result of your choosing to follow a later version.
+
+   15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
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+
+   16. Limitation of Liability.
+
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+PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+   17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot
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+liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption
+of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee. END OF
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible
+use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software
+which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach
+them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion
+of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a
+pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+
+Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
+
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later
+version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+this program. If not, see <http s ://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like
+this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
+
+This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+
+This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain
+conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might
+be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. For
+more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see <http
+s ://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
+consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
+library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public
+License instead of this License. But first, please read <http s ://www.gnu.org/
+licenses /why-not-lgpl.html>.

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Max Mehl <mail [at] mehl [dot] mx>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+-->
+
+# Uberspace Backup
+
+[![REUSE compliant](https://api.reuse.software/badge/src.mehl.mx/mxmehl/uberspace-backup)](https://api.reuse.software/info/src.mehl.mx/mxmehl/uberspace-backup)
+
+This Bash script is able to backup directories from Uberspace users (and also
+other SSH resources). For Uberspace hosts it can also backup MySQL databases by
+copying the backups Uberspace cleverly created for you.
+
+It is designed to work automatically on another server with enough harddisk
+space.
+
+## Features
+
+- Transfers files securely via rsync over SSH.
+- Encrypts backups with GnuPG, using a public key only. Once a backup is
+  encrypted it can only be decrypted with a private key. Make sure to delete the
+  private key from the backupping server (after saving it on a more secure space
+  of course) to keep your backups even safer.
+- If desired, it can delete older backups and only retain a configurable amount
+  of backups.
+- Rather verbose logs will be written to backup.log.
+- With the helper script `ssh-checker.sh` one can automatically test whether the
+  hosts provided in the hosts file can be accessed. If not, the little helper is
+  trying to put your public SSH key to the remote hosts' authorized_keys files
+  by letting you type in the password manually once.
+
+## Configuration
+
+Configuration happens in two files: config.cfg and hosts.csv.
+
+### config.cfg
+
+Everything should be self-explanatory with the comments. Make sure to use the
+correct GPG fingerprint, and make sure to have its public key imported by the
+user executing the script. No private key has to be installed on the backupping
+system (but on the decrypting one of course).
+
+### hosts.csv
+
+This file contains the hosts and its directories that shall be saved. It
+consists of two rows separated by `;`. The first one contains a
+`username@hostname` combination that will be used to sync files via SSH, and
+also as the backup destination directory name.
+
+The latter one contains all source directories that shall be transferred. This
+can be absolute file paths, or – if it's a Uberspace host – some special
+shortcuts:
+
+- `%virtual` backups the virtual folder of your uberspace host
+  (`/var/www/virtual/username/`) where for example the `html` folder is located
+  in.
+- `%mysql` downloads the latest backup of your MySQL databases that have been
+  created by Uberspace themselves (their backup system is quite sophisticated).
+- `%mails` downloads the directory `users` in the home directory which contains
+  all email files of virtual mail users.
+- `%home` simply downloads the whole user's home directory.
+
+You can give multiple locations that shall be backed up. Just separate them by
+`|` characters. See the example file for more.
+
+## Process
+
+The script runs the following most important steps:
+1. For each host in `hosts.csv`
+    1. Check SSH connection
+    1. Compose SSH host settings
+    1. For each backup source
+        1. Resolve special backup sources
+        1. Create backup destination
+        1. rsync source to destination
+        1. tar the destination
+        1. gpg-encrypt the destination
+        1. Delete older backups
+1. Output completion info
+
+## Manual run
+
+You can run `ssh-checker.sh` and `uberspace-backup.sh` manually. Without any arguments given, both will check/backup all hosts.
+
+You can provide an argument to check/backup a specific host. This argument has
+to fully match a server's `user@hostname[:port]` declaration as on `hosts.csv`.
+
+## Automatic runs
+
+In order to let the script run regularily, simply put the script's absolute path
+in a cron file. For example, run `crontab -e` and insert at the bottom:
+
+```
+10 3 * * * /home/archiver/uberspace-backup/uberspace-backup.sh
+```
+
+This will run the backups every night at 3:10.
+
+## Known limitations
+
+- Please note that paths like `~` or `$HOME` haven't been tested yet. Use
+  absolute paths instead.
+- At the moment, the backups don't follow symbolic links. That's why for example
+  error logs aren't downloaded when using `%virtual`. Make sure to regularly
+  check your backups to make sure all important files are saved.

config.cfg.sample

@@ -1,11 +1,23 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Max Mehl <mail [at] mehl [dot] mx>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+
 # File with hosts and their backup source paths
 HOSTS="$CURDIR"/hosts.csv
 
+# Temporary download destination for backups
+TEMPDIR=/tmp/uberspace-backup
+
 # root dir where backups shall be saved to
-BACKUPDIR=/var/backups/uberspace
+BACKUPDIR=/mnt/remotesrv/uberspace
 
 # GPG fingerprint of key used for encryption
 GPG=6775E8DDD8CEABCC83E38CEHE6334BCA29DF8192
 
 # Maximum number of backups that shall be retained (0 to disable automatic deletion)
 MAXBAK=3
+
+# SSH key
+#SSH_KEY="~/.ssh/mykey_rsa"
+
+# Logfile. Default: $CURDIR/backup.log
+# LOG_FILE=/var/log/uberspace-backup.log

hosts.csv.sample

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
-# Username@Hostname; Path1 | Path2 | Path3
-root@server; /home
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Max Mehl <mail [at] mehl [dot] mx>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+
+# Username@Hostname[:Port]; Path1 | Path2 | Path3; Uberspace version (default = 7)
 user@host.uberspace.de; %virtual | %mysql | /home/user/service
+root@server:2222; /home

ssh-checker.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#  SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Max Mehl <mail [at] mehl [dot] mx>
+#  SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+########################################################################
+#
+#  Reads hosts file and checks SSH access. If not possible with public
+#  key, this script tries to place the system's public key on the host
+#  via a normal (password-based) SSH access attempt.
+#
+########################################################################
+
+CURDIR=$(dirname "$(readlink -f "$0")")
+if [ ! -e "$CURDIR"/config.cfg ]; then echo "Missing config.cfg file. Edit and rename config.cfg.sample"; exit 1; fi
+source "$CURDIR"/config.cfg
+
+if [ ! -e "${HOSTS}" ]; then echo "Missing hosts file. Please set a correct value of HOSTS= in your config file. Current value: ${HOSTS}"; exit 1; fi
+
+if [ -n "${SSH_KEY}" ]; then
+  SSH_KEY_ARG="-i ${SSH_KEY}"
+else
+  # defaults
+  SSH_KEY_ARG=""
+  SSH_KEY=~/.ssh/id_rsa
+fi
+
+ARG1="$1"
+
+function trim {
+  sed -r -e 's/^\s*//g' -e 's/\s*$//g'
+}
+
+while read -r line; do
+  # if line is a comment, go to next line
+  if echo "$line" | grep -qE "^\s*#"; then continue; fi
+
+  RHOST=$(echo "$line" | cut -d";" -f1 | trim)
+
+  # Jump to next line if this line's host does not match host of ARG1 (if given)
+  if [[ "${ARG1}" != "" ]] && [[ "${ARG1}" != "${RHOST}" ]]; then
+    continue
+  fi
+
+  # Get SSH port if needed
+  if echo "$RHOST" | grep -q ":"; then
+    RPORT=$(echo "$RHOST" | cut -d":" -f2)
+    RHOST=$(echo "$RHOST" | cut -d":" -f1)
+    RPORT_ARG="-p ${RPORT}"
+  else
+    # defaults
+    RPORT=""
+    RPORT_ARG=""
+  fi
+
+  echo "[INFO] Trying ${RHOST}"
+
+  STATUS=$(ssh -n -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o BatchMode=yes -o ConnectTimeout=5 ${RPORT_ARG} ${SSH_KEY_ARG} "${RHOST}" "echo -n"; echo $?)
+
+  if [ $STATUS != 0 ]; then
+    echo -n "[ERROR] No SSH login possible for ${RHOST}. "
+    if [[ "${ARG1}" != "" ]]; then
+      echo "Aborting."
+      exit 1
+    else
+      echo "Adding public key with password: "
+      cat "${SSH_KEY}".pub | ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no ${RPORT_ARG} ${SSH_KEY_ARG} "${RHOST}" 'cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys'
+    fi
+  else
+    echo "[SUCCESS] SSH login possible for ${RHOST}."
+  fi
+
+done < "$HOSTS"

uberspace-backup.sh

@@ -1,67 +1,169 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#  SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2019 Max Mehl <mail [at] mehl [dot] mx>
+#  SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+########################################################################
+#
+#  Saves specific files and directories from a remote server via SSH.
+#  Provides easy shortcuts for Uberspace.de hosts.
+#  README.md provides more details.
+#
+########################################################################
+
+# Fail fast on errors
+set -Eeuo pipefail
+
+# Set correct UTF-8 encoding (for FreeBSD jail)
+export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
+
+# Initialise variables
+LOG_FILE=
 
 CURDIR=$(dirname "$(readlink -f "$0")")
 if [ ! -e "$CURDIR"/config.cfg ]; then echo "Missing config.cfg file. Edit and rename config.cfg.sample"; exit 1; fi
 source "$CURDIR"/config.cfg
 
-if [ ! -e "$HOSTS" ]; then echo "Missing hosts file. Please set a correct value of HOSTS= in your config file. Current value: $HOSTS"; exit 1; fi
+if [ ! -e "${HOSTS}" ]; then echo "Missing hosts file. Please set a correct value of HOSTS= in your config file. Current value: ${HOSTS}"; exit 1; fi
+
+if [ -n "${SSH_KEY}" ]; then
+  SSH_KEY_ARG="-i ${SSH_KEY}"
+else
+  # defaults
+  SSH_KEY_ARG=""
+  SSH_KEY=~/.ssh/id_rsa
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${LOG_FILE}" ]; then
+  # defaults
+  LOG_FILE="$CURDIR"/backup.log
+fi
 
 # Get current date
 DATE=$(date +"%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M")
 
 function trim {
-  sed -r -e 's/^\s*//g' -e 's/\s*$//g'
+  sed -r -e 's/^[[:space:]]*//g' -e 's/[[:space:]]*$//g'
+}
+function pdate {
+  DATE=$(date +%y-%m-%d_%H:%M:%S)
+  echo "[$DATE]"
+}
+function logecho {
+  # Echo string and copy it to log while attaching the current date
+  echo "$(pdate) $*"
+  echo "$(pdate) $*" >> "$LOG_FILE"
 }
 
-while read line; do
-  if $(echo "$line" | grep -qE "^\s*#"); then continue; fi
+# Loop over all hosts
+while read -r line; do
+  # if line is a comment or blank, go to next line
+  if echo "$line" | grep -qE "^\s*(#|$)"; then continue; fi
 
   RHOST=$(echo "$line" | cut -d";" -f1 | trim)
+
+  # Jump to next line if this line's host does not match host of first argument (if given)
+  if [[ "${1-}" != "" ]] && [[ "${1-}" != "${RHOST}" ]]; then
+    continue
+  fi
+  # Task ssh-checker.sh to check this host
+  if ! "${CURDIR}"/ssh-checker.sh "${RHOST}"; then
+    logecho "${RHOST}: ERROR when connecting via SSH. Please run ssh-checker.sh to debug."
+    logecho "${RHOST}: Aborting backup after an error."
+    continue
+  fi
+
   RUSER=$(echo "$RHOST" | cut -d"@" -f1)
   ALLRDIR=$(echo "$line" | cut -d";" -f2 | trim)
+  US_VERSION=$(echo "$line" | cut -d";" -f3 | trim)
 
-  NORDIR=$(echo $ALLRDIR | grep -o "|" | wc -l)
-  NORDIR=$[$NORDIR + 1]
+  # Get SSH port if needed
+  if echo "$RHOST" | grep -q ":"; then
+    RPORT=$(echo "$RHOST" | cut -d":" -f2)
+    RHOST=$(echo "$RHOST" | cut -d":" -f1)
+    RPORT_ARG="-p ${RPORT}"
+  else
+    # defaults
+    RPORT=""
+    RPORT_ARG=""
+  fi
 
+  logecho "${RHOST}: Starting backups"
+
+  logecho "${RHOST}: Deleting host's temporary directories in ${TEMPDIR}"
+  rm -rf "${TEMPDIR:?}/${RHOST:?}/"*
+
+  NORDIR=$(echo "$ALLRDIR" | grep -o "|" | wc -l || true)
+  NORDIR=$(($NORDIR + 1))
+
+  # Loop through all backup sources
   for ((i = 1; i <= $NORDIR; i++)); do
     RDIR=$(echo "$ALLRDIR" | cut -d"|" -f${i} | trim)
 
+    # Set a relative destination directory
     if [ "${RDIR}" == "%virtual" ]; then
       RDIR=/var/www/virtual/${RUSER}
-      DEST="$BACKUPDIR/$RHOST/$DATE/virtual"
+      DEST_REL="$RHOST/$DATE/virtual"
     elif [ "${RDIR}" == "%mysql" ]; then
       RDIR=mysql
-      DEST="$BACKUPDIR/$RHOST/$DATE/$(basename "${RDIR}")"
+      DEST_REL="$RHOST/$DATE/$(basename "${RDIR}")"
     elif [ "${RDIR}" == "%mails" ]; then
       RDIR=/home/${RUSER}/users
-      DEST="$BACKUPDIR/$RHOST/$DATE/mails"
+      DEST_REL="$RHOST/$DATE/mails"
+    elif [ "${RDIR}" == "%home" ]; then
+      RDIR=/home/${RUSER}
+      DEST_REL="$RHOST/$DATE/home"
     else
-      DEST="$BACKUPDIR/$RHOST/$DATE/$(basename "${RDIR}")"
+      DEST_REL="$RHOST/$DATE/$(basename "${RDIR}")"
     fi
 
+    # Define absolute temporary and final backup destination paths
+    # Example:
+    #   DEST=/tmp/uberspace-backup/user@example.com/2019-01-01/virtual
+    #   DEST_FINAL=/media/Uberspace/user@example.com/2019-01-01/
+    DEST="${TEMPDIR}/${DEST_REL}"
+    DEST_FINAL="$(dirname "${BACKUPDIR}/${DEST_REL}")"
+
     # Set Source directory, and make exception for %mysql
     SOURCE="${RDIR}"
-    if [ "${RDIR}" == "mysql" ]; then SOURCE=/mysqlbackup/latest/${RUSER}; fi
+    if [ "${RDIR}" == "mysql" ]; then
+      if [[ $US_VERSION == 6 ]]; then
+        SOURCE=/mysqlbackup/latest/${RUSER}
+      else
+        SOURCE=/mysql_backup/current/${RUSER}
+      fi
+    fi
 
-    # Create backup destination if necessary
+    # Create temporary and final backup destination if necessary
     if [ ! -e "${DEST}" ]; then mkdir -p "${DEST}"; fi
+    if [ ! -e "${DEST_FINAL}" ]; then mkdir -p "${DEST_FINAL}"; fi
 
     # RSYNC
-    echo rsync -avz -e "ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" --progress ${RHOST}:${SOURCE}/ "${DEST}"/
-    
-    continue
+    logecho "${RHOST}: Downloading ${SOURCE} to ${DEST}"
+    rsync -a -e "ssh -q -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null -o Compression=no -T -x ${RPORT_ARG} ${SSH_KEY_ARG}" "${RHOST}:${SOURCE}"/ "${DEST}"/
 
     # Pack backup directory, and delete uncompressed one
-    tar cf ${DEST}.tar ${DEST}   # TODO: avoid absolute paths
-    rm -rf ${DEST}
+    logecho "${RHOST}: Archiving $(basename "${DEST}")"
+    tar cf "${DEST}".tar -C $(echo ${DEST} | sed "s|$(basename ${DEST})$||") $(basename ${DEST}) # TODO: avoid absolute paths
+    rm -rf "${DEST}"
 
     # Encrypt archive with GPG (it compresses at the same time)
-    gpg --output ${DEST}.tar.gpg --encrypt --recipient ${GPG} ${DEST}.tar
-    rm ${DEST}.tar
+    logecho "${RHOST}: Encrypting and compressing $(basename "${DEST}")"
+    gpg --output "${DEST}".tar.gpg --encrypt --recipient ${GPG} "${DEST}".tar
+    rm "${DEST}".tar
+
+    # Push encrypted backup to final backup destination
+    logecho "${RHOST}: Moving $(basename "${DEST}") to ${DEST_FINAL}"
+    cp "${DEST}".tar.gpg "${DEST_FINAL}/"
+    rm "${DEST}".tar.gpg
+
+  done # End of loop through all backup sources
 
   # Delete all old directories except the $MAXBAK most recent
-    MAXBAK=$[$MAXBAK + 1]
-    ls -tpd "${BACKUPDIR}"/"${RHOST}"/* | grep '/$' | tail -n +$MAXBAK | xargs -d '\n' rm -rv --
-  done
+  if [ $(ls -tp "${BACKUPDIR}"/"${RHOST}"/ | grep '/$' | wc -l | tr -d ' ') -gt $MAXBAK ]; then
+    oldbackups=$(ls -tp "${BACKUPDIR}"/"${RHOST}"/ | grep '/$' | tail -n +$(($MAXBAK + 1)))
+    logecho "${RHOST}: Removing older backup directories: ${oldbackups}"
+    ls -tpd "${BACKUPDIR}"/"${RHOST}"/* | grep '/$' | tail -n +$(($MAXBAK + 1)) | xargs -0 | xargs rm -r --
+  fi
 
 done < "$HOSTS"
+
+logecho "Finished all operations."